L'Oreal Global Marketing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

L'Oreal Global Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example Head-quartered in the Paris cooperative of Clichy, France, the L’Oreal Group is the world’s biggest beautifying agents and magnificence organization. It has built up exercises in the field of beautifying agents, concentrated on hair-shading, healthy skin, sun fortress, make-up, aromas and hair-care. It is lively in the dermatological just as pharmaceutical fields. In the United States, it is the principal nanotechnology duplicate right holder. As per a contextual investigation in the year 2005, the L’Oreal gathering, whose value was $18.89 billion, was announced as the biggest and the best beautifying agents organization round the globe, with in excess of seventeen universal trademarks (Case Study, 2005). Additionally, Business Week Inter-band study positioned L’Oreal on the 49th situation in August 2004, since, its brands were esteemed at $5902 million. L’Oreal expanded its business in 150 nations by setting up marked down a wide scope of make-up, scents, hair and healthy skin items to the two people. As substantiated by Morais, L’Oreal separates itself from different brands due to its dependability after some time since it blends the twofold digit top-line development of a hot innovation organization with the main concern solaces of an all around run bank (Morais, 2000). 2. The Marketing Process L’Oreal winds up in the circumstance of the most prosperous trademark as it fills in as the reason for recognizing openings so as to fulfill the unaccomplished client needs and requirements.... The mission of L'Oreal Group tries to bring to reality the desire for people to look excellent and stylish with time. This strategic consistently been of prime criticalness in for the organization. To the extent the showcasing speculations are thought of, albeit 90 percent of the ventures are represented by the interest in brand contacts, as of recently there hasn't been any device which permits the administrators to distinguish, a shopper point of view, the most effectual arrangement of contacts wherein to contribute. In any case, L'Oreal Group has portrayed a device which enables the brand proprietors and advertisers to recognize and choose the critical contacts which are important for a specific brand. Additionally, so as to coordinate over these key contact focuses, L'Oreal conveys brand understanding through a significant and relevant arrangement of purchaser brand which experiences at any rate cost, yet with maximal effect. Additionally, it centers around the measurements which can be utilized to educate an assortment regarding noteworthy choices with regards to overseeing brand contacts. The basic promoting standards make it available for any business to make due in the market in an adequate route as it urges the representatives to apply them to parts of their day by day lives also (Jobber, 2007). In setting of the principal component of its showcasing procedure, it is the organization's particular skill of excellence that exists for the explanation that it has faith in magnificence which is even more special and broadened that any

Esping-Andersens Welfare Regime Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Esping-Andersens Welfare Regime Model - Essay Example The setting of a state’s government assistance is conclusive to the activity of the state and the strength of the residents. It is indispensable to examine the distinctions in state government assistance systems. This aides in understanding the distinctions in state tasks and the soundness of its populace among nations. Esping-Andersen thought of the most applicable typology for government assistance states. Esping-Andersen utilizing old style European political economy approach separates between three kinds of government assistance systems (Edwards, 2003). Esping-Andersen separates the state government assistance systems on three significant standards. These standards are social delineation, deco-change and the open private blend. Deco-change alludes to the degree to which the government assistance of the individual is autonomous of the market. It likewise alludes to the individual’s capacity to get social administrations as a right. Social definition portrays the gove rnment assistance state job in issues concerning structure of the general public as per Schildt (2010). Ultimately, open private blend centers around jobs played by the express, the market, family and the willful division in the specific government assistance systems. Espin-Andersen distinguishes three fundamental kinds of government assistance systems: the preservationist, social law based and the liberal government assistance system models as verified by Edwards (2003). The liberal model fuses free market amplification for the market upkeep. It makes the suspicion that all individuals can take an interest in the market. The basic thought in showcase investment prompts opportunity of rivalry. It accentuates on open and private division organization. The laborers in liberal model are probably not going to be completely co-changed, anyway they advocate for money pay. As per Annamari (2009), the liberal model of state government assistance system is found in nations like England and t he United States of America Conservative Welfare Regime The traditionalist government assistance system is well known in nations like Germany, France and Belgium among others. It advances social help and accommodates broad government assistance administrations for all the populace. This model sees the state as a negligible interventionist. Esping-Andersen contends that arranging the European government assistance states as a major aspect of the traditionalist model can be seen as deprecatory (Edwards, 2003). Social Democratic Welfare Regime Social law based government assistance is mainstream with Nordic nations. It is likewise alluded to as Nordic Model. The social popularity based model embraces independence subsequently expelling singular dependence on the family and it is related with costly expenses. This model has a component of populism which delineates the act of universalism. The model is additionally individual situated as it advances their prosperity (Larsen, 2006). The A dvantages and Disadvantages of Comparing Welfare States Using Esping-Andersen’s Welfare Regime Esping-Andersen model has been of significance in as far order of states as indicated by government assistance systems. The model has a few points of interest which causes it to stay progressively applicable contrasted with other government assistance systems. In to the extent the social majority rule government assistance system is concerned; it is redistributive as far as the states riches. Widespread government assistance and frameworks of advantages are utilized as rights and there is open arrangement of the general government assistance administrations. Esping-Andersen’s social popularity based model relies upon high work levels and along these lines offers ladies business. It additionally gives less accentuation on the family’s duty regarding its members’ government assistance instead of different models. The state in this manner expect the greater part of the family duty (Larsen, 2006). The components of libertarianism portray in Esping-Andersen’s model the act of universalism as recommended by Mann (2001). The bit of leeway here is that each resident appreciates same advantages and rights also whether or not they are rich or not. This implies there is equivalent arrangement of administrations without

Why an Organized Home Aids Relaxation

Why an Organized Home Aids Relaxation Stress Management Household Stress Print Why an Organized Home Can Be an Effective Stress Management Tool By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on February 13, 2020 Astronaut Images / Getty Images More in Stress Management Household Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Relationship Stress People experience plenty of stress from jobs, finances, and other areas of their lives. When we come home, we want to feel like we’re entering a refuge, safe from the demands of life. But does your home provide a safe harbor from stress, or is it causing you additional stress that you might not be aware of? If you have a cluttered, poorly decorated, or somewhat disorganized living space, home relaxation can be virtually impossible. Reasons Why You Should Organize Your Home to Reduce Stress With a little work, your home could be another stress management tool at your disposal. Here’s why. How Clutter Affects Your Time, Money, and Stress Clutter Causes Stress Just sitting in a cluttered room can create stress. Whether you view it in feng shui terms as stagnant chi, in cerebral terms as too much information for the eye to process, or in practical terms as a visual reminder of how much work you need to do to get your house clean, you probably already know that mess means stress. Living in a cluttered home can create constant low-grade stress and subtly but steadily drain your energy. Soothing Surroundings Are Nurturing Being in a space characterized by order, tranquility, and a physical manifestation of your tastes, on the other hand, can soothe you and help release stress. This is how marketers sell products from catalogs so efficiently. They are really ‘selling’ the sense of peace that comes from the beauty of the picture as much as they’re selling the products contained in that picture of a beautiful room. Coming home to an orderly home can help you feel like you’re entering a sanctuary away from the stresses of the outside world. 5 Elements of a Peaceful Home Organization Saves Time, Money, and Other Resources A messy, disorganized home can cost you more than just your inner peace. If you don’t have a ‘home’ for all of your belongings, you spend more time trying to put things away when you’re cleaning up, and waste time looking for items when you need them. If you don’t have an organized system for filing your bills and other important papers, you may end up paying things late, which results in fees and additional stress. There are many other ways that you dont even realize your mess may be draining your resources. What Does a Messy Room Say About You? Order May Bring More Good Things Followers of the Chinese discipline feng shui believe that a well-ordered home aligns vital energy in your life to bring good fortune in other areas of your life. Others simply enjoy the soothing surroundings and pleasing aesthetics that come with the balanced decorating style that feng shui espouses.   Whether or not you believe that feng shui brings special good fortune, it’s hard to argue that an organized home wouldn’t bring additional benefits, chief among them being reduced stress. A Word From Verywell Any time is the right time to create an organized, soothing home atmosphere. You can simplify your life and reduce the daily stress you experience by putting in relatively minimal effort to de-clutter, organize, and decorate your home. Let your home be your sanctuary.

How to Change a Column Size or Type in MySQL

Just because you made a MySQL column one type or size doesnt mean that it has to stay that way. Changing the column type or size in an existing database is simple.​ Changing a Database Column Size and Type You change a column size or type in MySQL using the  ALTER TABLE  and  MODIFY commands together to make the change.   Lets say, for example, that you have a column named State on a table named Address and you previously set it up to hold two characters, expecting people to use 2-character state abbreviations. You find that several people entered entire names instead of 2-character abbreviations, and you want to allow them to do this. You need to make this column larger to allow the full state names to fit. Here is how you do it:    ALTER TABLE address MODIFY state VARCHAR(20) ; In generic terms, you use the ALTER TABLE command followed by the table name, then the  MODIFY command followed by the column name and new type and size. Here is an example:   ALTER TABLE tablename  MODIFY columnname  VARCHAR(20) ; The maximum width of the column is determined by the number in parentheses. The type is identified  by VARCHAR as being a variable character field. About VARCHAR The VARCHAR(20) in the examples can change to whatever number is appropriate for your column. VARCHAR is a character string of variable length. The maximum length—in this example  it is 20—indicates the maximum number of characters you want to store in the column. VARCHAR(25) could store up to 25 characters. Other Uses for ALTER TABLE The ALTER TABLE  command can also be used to add a new column to a table or to remove an entire column and all its data from a table. For example to add a column, use:   ALTER TABLE table_name   ADD column_name datatype To delete a column, use:   ALTER TABLE table_name   DROP COLUMN column_name

American Revolution Essay - 2942 Words

The American War for Independence: Sea Power, Joint and Combined Operations: Question 7. Given the overwhelming British victories in New York and New Jersey in 1776, how was General Washington able to avoid catastrophic defeat and eventually win the war? By Julie Moss A paper submitted to the Faculty of the Naval War College in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the Department of Strategy and War. The contents of this paper reflect my own personal views and are not necessarily endorsed by the Naval War College or the Department of the Navy. Signature: /JKM/ BACKGROUND Following the French-Indian War, The American Revolution began between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the former British colonies in North†¦show more content†¦The British army, led by General William Howe, retreated to Halifax, Canada, and Washingtons army moved to New York City in anticipation of a British offensive there. â€Å"On August 27, 1776, British forces under a far more experienced military professional, General Sir William Howe, had soundly drubbed the American army in the Battle of Long Island and were now poised to finish it off. The Continental Army was outnumbered and had their backs to the East River and the British in front of them; it appeared the Americans were doomed. If Washington lost his army, it could mean the end of the Revolution.† (Myers 1) Indeed, General George Washington was defeated in the Long Island War, but Washington and the last of the rear guard were aboard the boats and sailing to safety. This paper will explor e the strategy that General Washington employed to avoid catastrophic defeat and eventually win the war. Clausewitz, in his classic On War, claims that war is a trinity made up of the people, the commander and his army, and the government. He tells us, â€Å"The passions that are kindled in war must already be inherent in the people.† (Howard and Paret 89) One of the principal war goals set for General Washington by the Continental Congress was for the rebellious colonies to become not only independent but accepted as a state by other powers. THE BRITISH WIN KEY BATTLES The war started out so well,Show MoreRelatedThe American Revolution : The Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution Revolutionizes the World It was the first revolution to majorly succeed and change how people saw their countries, it was the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the first successful revolution against a European empire that provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations (New world Encyclopedia, 1).The American Revolution was vital to history because ideas seen by other countries startedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution999 Words   |  4 PagesBetween 1770 and 1776, resistance to imperial change turned into a full-on revolution. The American Revolution, also known as the Revolutionary War, was a time of revolting and political uprising, in which the 13 colonies separated from the British Empire, forming the independent nation known as the United States of America. Though the American Revolution began because the colonies wanted independence from Britain, many important historical events and revolts also lead to the tensions and resistanceRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1362 Words   |  6 PagesEvery 4th of July, Americans are told the story of the American Revolution. We remember the oppressed colonists fighting against the tyrannical King George III and the formidable red coats. Patriotic heroes are remembered, evil kings are cursed, and the liberties and freedoms won from the war are celebrated. Though America often likes to look back to the revolution, the question of just how much a revolution was the American Revolution is rarely asked. While the American revolution was not as radicalRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1582 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The revolution was effected before the war commenced. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people.† - John Adams, 1818 This quote means that the revolution actually took place metaphorically before the actually fighting began. It took place in the emotions and thoughts of the Americans. The Road to Revolution After the Seven Years’ War created a financial problem for Britain The British tried to shoulder some of the financial responsibilities onto the Americas in the form of variousRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution850 Words   |  4 PagesIn regards to the American Revolution, the point that armed rebellion became inevitable arrived when after nearly five constant years of American colonist protesting. American s had enough and needed to take a stand for the numerous inequalities they were forced to deal with. It was foreseeable that the American Revolution took place due to the unfair taxes that the British were giving Americans. Also, England was not allowing Americans their freedom, along with violence and the political dominanceRead MoreThe American Revolution877 Words   |  4 Pagespeople believe the American Revolution is strictly liberal, in truth it is conservative evidenced by the new British policies, colonial reactions and the examinations of what it means to be conservative vs. liberal. The American Revolution was triggered, by many laws that were passed between 1763 and 1775 that controlled trade and taxes. This legislation caused pressure between colonists and imperial officers, who had made it clear that the British Parliament would not address American complaints relatingRead MoreThe American Revolution871 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution was the struggle by which thirteen colonies won independence from Great Britain, to become what we now know as The United States of America. The American Revolution came about primarily because the colonists had matured. Their interests and goals were so different and distant from those of the mother country. Local politics, practices, social customs, religious beliefs, and economic interests had gone so far from the English ways. The American Revolution had a tremendous impactRead MoreThe American Revolution1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution was one of the most important battles in history. It led to the Declaration of Independence and the freedom of America from the British. No one can really say what the exact cause of the Revolution was, but there were many important social, cultural, political and economic causes that led up to the war. I believe one of the main economic reasons the Americans wanted to become free from the British and start the Revolution, was because of all the taxes the British imposedRead MoreThe American Revolution Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pageshistorians might argue that the American Revolution was not so revolutionary in its nature, there is no denying the lasting effects that it has had not only on the continent, but the world. Through an analysis of documents from this period and the social, political, and economic changes that occurred in the colonies, it is clear that the colonial governmental system was radically changed during this time period. The political ideas that emerged from this revolution have shaped modern democratic governmentsRead MoreThe American Revolution1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution has provided no shortage of patriotic and romanticized images and ideals for the general public throughout history. Indeed, to this very day, Americans hark back to this ‘glorious achievement’ with pride and use it as fuel for everything from selling jeans (Levi/Strauss) to the creation of video games (Assassin’s Creed.) But the question has remained, for all the hoopla and â€Å"remembrance† that surrounds this period in western history – was this revolution justified? As the

Explain what is happening in the passage of pages 120-128 of Wuthering Heights Free Essays

It is this passage that Cathy realizes that she has made the wrong decision. She shouldn’t have married Edgar she should be with Heathcliff. This realization is first saw when she saw her reflection in the mirror. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain what is happening in the passage of pages 120-128 of Wuthering Heights or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘Is that Catherine Linton? ‘ Cathy asks this question because she saw someone that she does not recognize. She used to be a healthy, strong, wild girl and in her reflection she sees a pale, weak and unhappy woman. By seeing her reflection the reader can almost imagine what she is thinking. It seems as if she sees in the mirror her surroundings and realizes that it is her decision that puts her in this position. She chooses to marry Edgar and as a result denies her love for Heathcliff. From a feminist point of view it is a sign of Cathy’s empowerment that she has finally realized that she shouldn’t have married Edgar for his high social status, instead she should have married Heahcliff to satisfy her own feelings of immense love. It also touches on the fact that in this time period, once Cathy realizes she has made a mistake there is no way out of it, she has no means of escape, she is trapped. Cathy chose this path and as a result entered in to a world of distress and regret. From a moral point of view this passage also emits a strong message. Money and high status is not what makes you happy. You should choose to marry for love else you will end up regretting every minute. Also in this extract Nelly plays a very important role. She is highly unsympathetic to Cathy and she continually makes the assumption that Cathy has invented her illness. From a critics point of view it can be assumed that women during this time period used their frailty as strength to achieve what they want and make it so that they are in control. When Cathy asks Nelly why Edgar has not been to see her Nelly replies ‘the master has no idea of you being deranged, and, of course he does not fear that you will let yourself die of hunger’ This is highly unsympathetic of Nelly and also very devious as Nelly has said nothing of Cathy’s discomfort and ill health to Edgar, who would surely be worried if he knew. Cathy has further realization in this passage She previously thought that even though people around her hated each other they all still loved her ‘though everybody hated and despised each other, they could not avoid loving me’ Although this gives a very self centered naive view of Cathy to the reader, it is true. What ever actions she pursued even if they hurt people they still can’t help loving her. For example both Edgar and Heathcliff. She abandoned Heathcliff by marrying Edgar and by doing this ruined both of their lives however Heathcliff still endures undeniable love for her. Also Edgar is aware of Cathy’s feelings for Heathcliff yet he still tends to her while she is sick and mourns for her greatly when she dies. This shows Cathy’s great power in having control over men so much that they love her whatever she does to them. From a feminist point of view they would greatly reward Cathy for this. Also in this paragraph a complete turn around of Cathy’s personality is shown. She is previously such a strong minded, self-confident character however it seem as though she has transformed in to a women with immense paranoia and depression. Not only has she realized that she wants to be with Heathcliff therefore feels regret and sorrow, but the man that she does have to stay with, the man she married, to her, does not care of her mental and physical state because he has not been to see her. She believes that Edgar will be happy to see her gone so that it ‘restores peace to his house’ however this is not true. Edgar simply does not know of Cathy’s state and this is all down to Nelly. Nelly has not informed Edgar as she believed that Cathy had invented her illness. I do not think that Nelly knows that in doing this she is actually making Catherine’s illness worse as it is continually making her more distressed. ‘Tossing about she increased her feverish bewilderment’ this paints a visual picture in to the readers head of the true state that Cathy is in. It is as though with time her mental state is quickly turning in to madness that she can’t escape. Just like she can not escape her marriage. After this action Nelly realizes what the doctor said during her former illness. She should not be crossed; I think it is at this point that Nelly realizes the true seriousness of Cathy’s case. Cathy continues to act with madness. Nelly describes her as ‘violent’ which is the precise word judging from her following actions. ‘Pulling the feathers from the rents’ Cathy then sorts the feathers according to different species. ‘That a turkeys, and this is a wild ducks and this is a pigeon’s ’ This reference to birds transfers the readers mind to the past when she was out on the moors with Heathcliff, open and free. The sense of entrapment enters the readers head again. The imprisonment of the Grange can not be compared to the open free moors. ‘Open the window again wide’ I believe Cathy wants the window open because she feels this imprisonment and feels like only the wind from the moors can release her. When she opens it ‘the frosty air cut about her shoulders as keen as a knife’ A very strong simile is used here because while Cathy feels as though the moors gives her a sense of freedom, this simile enters the feeling of death in to the readers mind by the word ‘knife’ It is as if the moors knows that Cathy and Heathcliff can only be together once they are both dead. While looking out of the window Cathy claims that she sees Wuthering Heights ‘that’s my room with the candle in it’ the reference to the candle being lit is almost a resemblance of Cathy’s life. It is though the candle still burns even when she has left Wuthering Heights but will soon die out when she dies herself. Cathy is the first one to make the promise that she will not rest until she is with Heathcliff. ‘I will not rest until you are with me†¦ I never will’ so even when later in the book Heathcliff curses Cathy when she has died so that she will not rest peacefully, the reader knows that she does not want to rest without Heathcliff. When Edgar sees what is going on in Cathy’s room he is extremely angry at Nelly for not informing him. His ignorance of Cathy’s illness is shown ‘Catherine is ill? ‘ By Nelly not telling Edgar she has unknowingly ruined everything between them. Edgar has come too late because Cathy by this time has realized of her mistake. She gave him no glance of recognition’ when he took her in to his arms. By this time she is in a different world, she no longer wants to be in this world of the Grange she wants freedom. It seems as if she has true hatred for Edgar. She acts as if it is his fault that Heathcliff and she are together when in fact it is her own fault. ‘You are one of those things that are ever found when least wanted and when you are wanted never! à ¢â‚¬Ëœ This shows she is mad that he has not come earlier when in fact it is all Nelly’s fault for not making him aware. Catherine talks to him of death and where she wants her grave. This already shows that she has given up. It is as if she has no reason to live because she can’t be happy without Heathcliff. ‘My resting place where I bound before spring is over’ ‘in the open air with as head stone’ this shows her link again with the moors. She wants to be buried there because it is where she feels safe; free and where she experienced the happiest times of her life. How to cite Explain what is happening in the passage of pages 120-128 of Wuthering Heights, Papers

Accounting for Business Managers

Question: Discuss about the Article for Accounting for Business Managers. Answer: Accounting remains known as a business language since it supports decision making as well as management. A great amount of information is communicated by accounting to business owners, managers as well as investors which are helpful in the evaluation of any sound financial performance (Avazzadehfath Raiashekar, 2012, p.56). It is always conveys messages regarding the information that is needed by the managers, owners as well as investors in the estimation of performance of a business. Managers, investors as well as owners are key stakeholders who are all interested as well as engaged in the activities of a business and are greatly affected by the every business operation. Accounting offers financial information to every stakeholder which is helpful in making effective decisions. It is evident that no person will attempt to establish a firm or invest without acquiring the necessary information of finance. Consequently, it is the responsibility of an accountant to fail not to prepare every information, but to ensure that stakeholders would understand such a financial information for both folk individual as well as organizations can utilize the information to address the problems of a business. Evidence has shown that accounting information is essential in helping firms to make effective decisions. Accounting provides strategic tools which helps the organization to build a competitive advantage. The role played by management accounting remains fundamental in organizations in the contemporary business operations. The controller is the top accountant in the organizations. Every decision maker in the organization has to understand how to establish and utilize good management accounting information. Management accounting helps managers to track performance information which surpass the historic general ledger system cost-oriented information. An effective management accounting embraces a responsibility to manage a broad array of critical information in the organization. Managers have to anticipate as well as remain prepared to face various ethical dilemmas. Accounting supports the competitive decision making in the organization by gathering, processing as well as conveying helpful information for management plan, control as well as evaluating business processes as well as the strategies of the company. Accounting is essential to stakeholders in making decisions through the provision of financial information, conveying the outcomes to management as well as other key decision makers in the organization. Accounting encompasses measuring as well as summarizing activities of businesses. Accounting also helps in interpreting financial information to the managers to make effective decisions in the organizations. An organization cannot operate or make any rational investment decisions unless there is accurate, and timely financial information. All these information can only be prepared and communicated to the management by the accountants (Polillo, 2013, p.52). Accountant communicate the meaning of every financial information as well as work in conjunction to other individuals alongside organizations to assist them utilize the financial information to address the challenges of businesses. Accounting easily get numbers which has been facilitated by the introduction of computers. The accountants analyze, interpret as well communicate the information which is the main challenge that affects managers. Accounting helps analyze, interpret and communicate the information to the managers clearly while at the same time interacting effectively with individuals from every business disciple for an inclusive decision making. Owners of the businesses are interested in accounting information given by the financial statements which remain the key report cards for both managers and owners. Managers and owner use this information to determine whether or not a firm generated profits to furnish additional information on the financial status of the business. Accounting also provides financial information which are useful to both owners and managers to decide on corrective action where required. Investors as well as creditors are also interested in the financial information a given business. Both investors and creditors offer the company with the funds required to undertake their operations. Accordingly, they are interested in knowing the how their investment in the business is doing and can only get such an information by studying financial statements. Through the financial statements generated by accountants in organizations, investors and creditors can assess the performance of the company to make decisions regarding ongoing investment. Investors and creditors are aware of the impossibility of making any smart investments alongside loan decisions in the absence of accurate report on financial health of organizations. Firms are required by the government agencies to display financial information for effective decision making processes (Mundell, 2004, p.42). Contemporary business environment has altered drastically in recent time. With the introduction of business technology, business operations as well as operations have escalated beyond imagination. Accounting and businesses roles are reliable functions in any business since accounting methods as well as procedures have changed in the past few years. Accountant generate information that help in forecasting the future and make manager make decisions on how to operate. A manager has to ensure that it makes consistent profits to appeal to the shareholders. Information on how this is done are only produced by accountants and hence, all decisions about the performance of the firm must originate from accounting information (Kuchta Sukpen, 2012, p.49). Managerial accounting provides managers with the data-generated input to make decisions that can improved the process of decision making over a long period. Managerial accounting remains a powerful tool that is leveraged by the managers to assist businesses operate more successful through the understanding the management accounting benefits common decision settings (Zager Zager, 2006, p.87). Accounting provides relevant cost analysis which is used by the businesses management in determining the amount of goods to be sold and how to undertake sales. Managers will determine markets to focus on by examining the cost which differ between advertising options for individual products while neglecting common co st. The relevant cost analysis is helpful in determining whether a firm can add product lines or discontinue operations (Mundell, 2004, p.76). Accountants also provide information on activity-oriented costing techniques that help businesses in the determination of whom to sell their products. Information generated through this process helps firms determine particular activities needed to generate as well as service a particular product line. The cost of customers are also embedded on this information and hence managers can use it to decide which customers are profitable which permits owners to focus marketing towards profitable consumers. Accounting also provide relevant information through make or buy analysis which a primary utilization of managerial accounting information of providing information utilized in manufacturing (Hiebl, Feldbauer-Durstmller, 2012, p.43). Make or buy analysis provides business managers with the technique to determine which choice is profitable. Managerial accounting also provides firms with useful information which display a data-oriented look at how to grow businesses. Managerial accounting provide information useful for budgeting, balanced scorecards and financial statement projections that provide information to assist management guide firms future. Managers will benefit from this data to make decisions which aims at ongoing enhancement as well as justifiable depending on intelligent analysis of businesses data rather than gut feelings (Stonciuviene, Zinkeviciene Martirosianiene, 2016,p.60). The concept of measuring money posits that a firm can solely record accounting transactions that are expressible in money form (Lexa, Mehta Seidmann, 2005, p.47). Accounting transactions is purely quantitative information instead of qualitative information. Money needs to be measured at its present and future value of money to help managers to contribute highest value decisions to every business stakeholders. The market price will also be helpful in measuring money which can give a proper display the highest value decisions to every stakeholder. All the stakeholders including business owners, shareholders and investors must have a proper depiction of money so that they know how their investment in the business is performing. Money value is affected by which means that it loses values with time. It is, therefore, effective that all times, the measurement of money should depict its real value. A firm that ensures that the real value of money is depicted in its financial statements attracts the confidence from all stakeholders (Breuer, Frumusanu Manciu, 2013, p.59). Stakeholders need to benefit from their investment and expects that business should be honest when reporting its financial position. Accordingly, measuring the money at market price will ensure that the time effect is factored in to make stakeholders know real value of their investments in a given business. In conclusion, Operational Accounting Information helps businesses which needs to operate its day-to-day activities efficiently to ensure its continuity. The employee remuneration is also an important part of the business for continuous motivation of employees (Tout et al., 2014, p.45). The business or entity is interested in it sales record, the credits and debits, the money needed for day-to-day operation (transactional motive). Accounting as a language of money, thus, provides operational information that is composed of greatest accounting information amounts. It also provides an ample base for other accounting information (Besharat, 2012, p.67). Management Accounting Information are helpful in managing a business when decisions are being made. Managers would always require some information that is prepared that would facilitate their decision for the well-being of the company. This information needed would be vital for the managers to make their plans, implement these plans and thus, take control. Financial Accounting Information provide financial information is used to set budgets, analyze different options on a cost basis, modify plans as the need arises, and control and monitor the work that is being done (Al Khoury et al. 2014, p.34). This is the information that is used by managers, shareholders, banks, creditors, the government, and the public. References Al Khoury, P., Al Kotob, M., Al Mohammad, B., Shamsedeen, D., El Khodr, H., El Bsat, H., ... Chaar, Y. (2014). The Role of Accountants in Decision-Making in Lebanese Firms. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 10(2), 155. Avazzadehfath, F., Raiashekar, H. (2012). Decision-making based on human resource accounting information and its evaluation method. Asian Journal of Finance Accounting, 3(1). Besharat, A. (2012). Essays on Mental Accounting and Consumers' Decision Making. Breuer, A., Frumusanu, M. L., Manciu, A. (2013). The role of management accounting in the decision making process: Case study caras severin county. Annales Universitatis Apulensis: Series Oeconomica, 15(2), 355. Hiebl, M. R., Feldbauer-Durstmller, B. (2012). Corporate-Governance-Strukturen in Familienunternehmen und der Einsatz von Controlling Einflussfaktoren der Controlling-Nutzung. Zeitschrift fr Corporate Governance, 7(2), 53-58. Kuchta, D., Sukpen, J. (2012). The Role Of Financial And Management Accounting In Decision Making. Information Systems Architecture and Technology, 99. Lexa, F. J., Mehta, T., Seidmann, A. (2005). Managerial accounting applications in radiology. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 2(3), 262-270. Mundell, R. (2004). Comment on academic exclusion: the case of Alexander Del Mar. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(1), 61-68. Polillo, S. (2013). Conservatives Versus Wildcats: A Sociology of Financial Conflict. Stanford University Press. Stonciuviene, N., Zinkeviciene, D., Martirosianiene, L. (2016). Principle-Based Agricultural Business Accounting Policy Formation. In Business Challenges in the Changing Economic Landscape-Vol. 1 (pp. 37-58). Springer International Publishing. Tout, S., Ghazzawi, K., El Nemar, S., Choughari, R. (2014). The Major Role Accountants Play in the Decision Making Process. International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(5), 310-315. Zager, K., Zager, L. (2006). The role of financial information in decision-making process. Innovative Marketing, 2(3), 35-40.

A Plot Summary of Our Town

A Plot Summary of Our Town Written by Thorton Wilder, Our Town is a play that  explores the lives of people living in a small, quintessentially American town. It was first produced in 1938 and received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The play is divided into three aspects of the human experience: Act One: Daily Life Act Two: Love / Marriage Act Three: Death / Loss Act One The Stage Manager, serving as the play’s narrator, introduces the audience to Grover’s Corners, a small town in New Hampshire. The year is 1901. In the early morning, only a few folks are about. The paperboy delivers papers. The milkman strolls by. Dr. Gibbs has just returned from delivering twins. Note: There are very few props in Our Town. Most of the objects are pantomimed. The Stage Manager arranges a few (real) chairs and tables. Two families enter and begin pantomiming breakfast. The Gibbs Family Dr. Gibbs: Hardworking, soft-spoken, disciplined.Mrs. Gibbs: The Doctor’s wife. She believes her husband is overworked and should take a vacation.George: Their son. Energetic, friendly, sincere.Rebecca: George’s little sister. The Webb Family Mr. Webb: Runs the town’s newspaper.Mrs. Webb: Strict but loving to her children.Emily Webb: Their daughter. Bright, hopeful and idealistic.Wally Webb: Her younger brother. Throughout the morning and the rest of the day, the townspeople of Grover’s Corner eat breakfast, work in town, do household chores, garden, gossip, go to school, attend choir practice, and admire the moonlight. Some of Act One’s More Compelling Moments Dr. Gibbs calmly chastises his son for forgetting to chop firewood. When George has tears in his eyes, he hands him a handkerchief and the matter is resolved.Simon Stimson, the church organist, leads the church choir while intoxicated. He staggers home drunk and deeply troubled. The constable and Mr. Webb try to assist him, but Stimson wanders away.  Webb wonders how the man’s sorry situation will end, but decided there is nothing to be done about it.Emily Webb and George Gibbs sit at their windows (according to the stage directions, they are perched on ladders). They talk about algebra and the moonlight. Their words are mundane, perhaps, but their fondness for each other is obvious.Rebecca tells her brother a funny story about a letter Jane Crofut received from a minister. It was addressed: Jane Crofut; The Crofut Farm; Grover’s Corners; Sutton County; New Hampshire; United States of America; North America; Western Hemisphere; the Earth; the Solar System; the Univers e; the Mind of God. Act Two The Stage Manager explains that three years have passed. It is the wedding day of George and Emily. The Webb and Gibbs parents lament how their children have grown so quickly. George and Mr. Webb, his soon-to-be father-in-law, awkwardly converse about the futility of marital advice. Before the wedding commences, the Stage Manager wonders how it all began, both this specific romance of George and Emily, as well as the origins of marriage in general. He takes the audience back in time a bit, to when George and Emily’s romantic relationship began. In this flashback, George is the captain of the baseball team. Emily has just been elected as the student body treasurer and secretary. After school, he offers to carry her books home. She accepts but suddenly reveals how she does not like the change in his character. She claims that George has become arrogant. This seems to be a false accusation, however, because George immediately apologizes. He is very grateful to have such an honest friend as Emily. He takes her to the soda shop, where the Stage Manager pretends to be the store owner. There, the boy and girl reveal their devotion to one another. The Stage Manager segues back to the wedding ceremony. Both the young bride and groom are scared about getting married and growing up. Mrs. Gibbs snaps her son out of his jitters. Mr. Webb calms his daughter’s fears. The Stage Manager plays the role of the minister. In his sermon, he says of the countless who have gotten married, â€Å"Once in a thousand times it’s interesting.† Act Three The final act takes place in a cemetery in 1913. It is set upon a hill overlooking Grover’s Corner. About a dozen people sit in several rows of chairs. They have patient and somber faces. The Stage Manager tells us that these are the dead citizens of the town. Among the recent arrivals are: Mrs. Gibbs: Died of pneumonia while visiting her daughter.Wally Webb: Died young. His appendix burst during a Boy Scout trip.Simon Stimson: Facing troubles the audience never understands, he hangs himself. A funeral procession approaches. The dead characters comment nonchalantly about the new arrival: Emily Webb. She died while giving birth to her second child. The spirit of Emily walks away from the living and joins the dead, sitting next to Mrs. Gibbs. Emily is pleased to see her. She talks about the farm. She is distracted by the living as they grieve. She wonders how long the sensation of feeling alive will last; she is anxious to feel like the others do. Mrs. Gibbs tells her to wait, that it is best to be quiet and patient. The dead seem to be looking to the future, waiting for something. They are no longer emotionally connected to the troubles of the living. Emily senses that one can return to the world of the living, that one can revisit and re-experience the past. With the help of the Stage Manager, and against the advice of Mrs. Gibbs, Emily returns to her 12th birthday. However, everything is too beautiful, too emotionally intense. She chooses to go back to the numbing comfort of the grave. The world, she says, is too wonderful for anyone to truly realize it. Some of the dead, such as Stimson, express bitterness to the ignorance of the living. However, Mrs. Gibbs and the others believe that life was both painful and wonderful. They take comfort and companionship in the starlight above them. In the last moments of the play, George returns to weep at Emily’s grave. EMILY: Mother Gibbs? MRS. GIBBS: Yes, Emily? EMILY: They don’t understand, do they? MRS. GIBBS: No, dear. They don’t understand. The Stage Manager then reflects upon how, throughout the universe, it may be that only the inhabitants of the earth are straining away. He tells the audience to get a good night’s rest. The play ends.

Washing up liquid advert Essay Example

Washing up liquid advert Essay Example Washing up liquid advert Essay Washing up liquid advert Essay This essay is going to discuss the Fairy Aromatics washing up liquid advert. The advert is to promote the new fragrances and bottle shape that Fairy has recently introduced.  This advert does not have a narrative. Instead it just uses a series of bright, eye-catching images in modern colours to make you remember the advert, and hopefully the product too.  The advert is in three main parts, one to advertise each of the three new fragrances. The first part shows a woman with short hair in her early thirties falling back on to the petals of a giant pink flower, the same colour as the new spring fresh liquid. She breathes in the scent of the product with a relaxed and happy expression on her face, and then demonstrates the product by washing a plate, which comes out of the water sparkling and clean. The screen then cuts to the second character, a young man, who slides down a giant spiral apple. He also appears relaxed and happy, and is obviously having fun. There is then a special effect, as there is a cube rotation to link the end of this shot with the next. The last character is a young woman, this time with longer hair but approximately the same age, who is bathing under a giant lemon half. She massages her hair and appears relaxed and refreshed as she stands under the shower. At the end of the advert the screen is divided into thirds, each showing an object to represent on of the fragrances. Each third then goes through an open door rotation to reveal a bottle of the product in each of the fragrances corresponding with the object in the shot before. The shot at near the beginning of the advert where the first woman is washing up is quite realistic, although everything is very clean in comparison to how you would usually expect it to be. However, the rest of advert is quite surreal as it features people interacting with giant fruits and flowers. There are three characters used in this advert, two women and one man, each one specifically endorsing one of the new fragrances on offer. We can see from the choice of characters that Fairy is trying to appeal to a larger target audience than before. Traditionally on the Fairy adverts we see a woman with a young child, who is probably slightly older than the characters used here. Now they have chosen to include a token man in the advert as well, showing that they are attempting to include men in their new target audience. They still however show a woman actually doing the washing up rather than a man, which is quite stereotypical. The fact that they show more women in the advert rather than men shows that they still want the product to appeal more to women, as usually it is still the woman that actually goes out shopping to buy household things like washing up liquid. The chosen characters in this advert are all being used as role models for the audience. The first woman in particular seems to be the perfect housewife. Her kitchen is spotlessly clean, and her hair and make-up is done beautifully, even though she has only been cooking the dinner. When she washes the plate, it requires no effort for them to become brilliantly clean and sparkling. She has the kind of stereotypical television lifestyle that many people would love to have. As people want to be like her, they will also want the things she has, like the washing up liquid. When she washes the plate, the light focuses on this rather than her, as it shows the wonderful result the product has achieved, and draws your attention to it. Throughout the shots she appears in, her facial expression always shows confidence and relaxation. When she falls back on to the flower she closes her eyes and her body language is open as her arms are held out away from her body. This shows her confidence, and also shows she is relaxed in this situation. Her expression also shows hints of luxury as she falls on to the petals. In this shot the light is focused on her face so these feelings are conveyed to the audience. The next shot, the close up on her face, helps to reinforce these messages. The next character, the man, also shows an expression of confidence and happiness. Again, his body language is open as he holds his arms up and out to the sides as he slides down the apple with the camera tracking him. As the shot changes from the first woman to him, the music also changes slightly, but not dramatically. A guitar is added into the instruments already used, which gives it a slightly more masculine sound to the melody. It also adds a more fresh sound to the music as the focus changes from the floral fragrance to the apple one. It is subtle but helps the scenes flow smoothly from one to another. To make the next transition smooth, a cube rotation is used to link to the next scene of the woman bathing under the lemon half. The camera starts focused on the lemon, but then tilts down to a medium shot of the womans face. She appears relaxed and refreshed as she massages her hair under the shower, and the light focuses on her face. The camera then cuts to a shot looking up at her from below. This makes her seem like a role model, as she appears higher up than the audience and you are looking up to her example and how relaxed and happy she looks from buying this product.  All three of the characters appear happy to be associated with the washing up liquid. The bright, modern colours used in the advert, with the young characters make the advert appealing to the younger audience. The advert attempts to make washing up seem cool at a time when there is so much competition with dishwashers.

Impact of E-commerce on B2B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Impact of E-commerce on B2B - Essay Example One of the greatest advantages of an e commerce platform is that information is exchanged between manufacturer and customer directly. The greatest advantage of E commerce is the flexibility it provides to production to take advantage of information sharing long the production chain. A production unit can manipulate this information to great profit customer needs can be coordinated better with processes. (Chen, 2003) The fundamental aim of this paper is to identify E-commerce and its Impact on B2B Organizations Supply Chain and identify the way in which the logistics of business-to-business e-commerce can be managed to gain the most efficient form of supply chain in UK. The fundamental question of this paper is to find out the whether the impact of E-commerce and B2B Organizations Supply Chain if effective and whether it is logical to implement it in the parameter of supply chain in UK. The objective in this study was to see the possible effect of the e commerce system would have on the market segment. The study would in fact be balanced in its validity and reliability by results in questionnaires delivered. The objective would be to discover whether a prior knowledge of management of market segmentation would be beneficial or detrimental toward the company and their understanding of the use of strategies as marketing tools. Data would be gained from a specific area for ease of accessibility and for targeted accuracy lending reliability and validity to the research process. (Jones, 2002) The variables involved would also include age groups, amount of education, and understanding of security needs and responsibility. Other variables may be inclusive of the economic standings of the potential customers of the e commerce system and rival industry, the physical market, along with the same standings for the customers at the edge of the market segment interviewed. A third series of variables includes the types of studies that are managed and the cultural background of the customers at each of these areas. The research paradigm considered by the researcher in regard to this work included the consideration of groups and how strategically developed planning would target them. (Caprette, 2007) 6.0 Methodology The data for this work was managed through a single questionnaire handed out to potential customers of the e commerce system. The researcher utilized gender identifiers and numbers or letters to separate each questionnaire for validity and reliability of results and to ensure bias reductions. The questionnaire is located in the Appendix section for understanding of the questions. Each question had either a 'yes' or a 'no' answer or followed positive or negative reactions to certain questions. The process to deliver and collect these questionnaires would be spanned around approximately two weeks. The

How Can Facebook Be Good for Business Research Paper

How Can Facebook Be Good for Business - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss how Facebook can be good for businesses. This will also analyze the scope of marketing activities in this new age of online branding. Facebook provides users with a common platform to express their views and share their opinions easily so as to significantly take part in the social formation process. As compared to traditional promotion techniques, companies obtain a great pool of audience while marketing through the Facebook channel. In other words, firms can cheaply advertise their products and services to people across the globe using Facebook. In contrast to conventional promotion techniques, Facebook-based promotion assists companies to collect customer feedbacks regarding various product/service instantly. Today all successful companies have a well maintained Facebook page and they keep their pages updated in order to be in good touch with customers. Market analysts point out that Facebook is very helpful for companies in dealing with brand positioning i n the current business environment. Modern people spend more time browsing the internet, particularly Facebook rather than watching television. Therefore, TV ads would be less effective (in terms of cost and productivity) today. The most fascinating advantage of Facebook-based brand positioning is that it significantly benefits businesses to cut down their operating costs while achieving the planned benefits quickly. To illustrate, an organization can very cheaply maintain a Facebook page and develop its followers’ group as there is no extra charge for doing so. According to Schivinski and Dabrowski, with the emergence of Facebook, communication with customers has become an easy task for organizations and this situation, in turn, drives the formation of timely and potential operational strategies. Undoubtedly, most of the marketing managers will agree that a notable percent of their new business comes from existing customers. In the opinion of Lynn and Davis, mouth publicity is the most powerful tool of advertising because consumers are the ones who can best evaluate a product/service. It is evident that Facebook provides users with extensive exposure to discover and share information and this feature of social media contributes to the feasibility of ‘word of mouth referrals’. The Guardian reports that â€Å"there are more than 3.2 billion likes and comments posted to Facebook every day, many of those to the 37m brand pages†. It directly reflects the unimaginable scope of Facebook-based brand promotion. Since a company’s Facebook page will reflect its business and what it stands for, the management must pay higher attention to creating and maintaining its brand page. To illustrate, the firm may set a cover photo that depicts the essence of its brand and quality of products/services offered. Firms can include the â€Å"find us on Facebook† option on its website, emails, and newsletters in order to encourage its existing customers to like the firm’s brand page. Hence, the company gets a huge group of existing and prospective customers subscribed to its brand page.

Auditing Standards: Objectives and Importance

Auditing Standards: Objectives and Importance Introduction The regulatory environment makes it mandatory that organizations such as limited liability companies must be audited by an independent external auditor qualified under the regulations of professional bodies internationally or nationally to ensure that the company is working in accordance to the company law set by respective countries. An external auditor functions as an independent body appointed by and reports to shareholders to express an opinion whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, true and fair and in accordance to the applicable financial reporting framework (Pflugrath G., Martinov-Bennie N. and Chen L., 2007). In reporting to the shareholders, the auditor provides reasonable assurance whereby they do not guarantee financial statements are free from material misstatements but rather at an acceptable level. Professional bodies worldwide carries a duty to set auditing standards to play a role of assisting auditors in performing duties in order t o provide high level of confidence to intended users of the Financial Statements (Noreen, 1988; Siegel et al., 1995; Wotruba et al., 2001). Main Report Development of auditing standards There are three regulatory environments which govern statutory audits and one of them is auditing standards. At International level, the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) is the global organization for the accounting profession. An independent standard-setting board under IFAC is known as the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). The IAASB developed the International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) to be carried out on audit engagements. As for National level, regulations differ as there are various standard setting bodies which choose to adopt the ISAs by modifying it or to set their own standards to suit according to individual countries. In Malaysia, the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA), a member of IFAC is responsible in developing the Malaysian Approved Standards on Auditing (AI) which adopts the modified ISAs. However, the latest development states the implementation of a new board which is the Audit and Assurance Standard Board (AASB) (Cosserat and Rodda, 2009). Importance of the auditing standards. An auditing standard is a form of the current best practice applicable in statutory audit engagements by approved auditors which sets a minimum level of technical proficiency to assure work done is of high quality auditing and at the same time providing high level of assurance ( Jubb and Houghton, 2007; Simnett, 2007). It is a form of benchmarking the intensity of achieving objectives of the professional bodies in being a role model in the accounting profession as stated by Watkins et al. (2004), and also safeguarding the position of auditors whilst auditing financial statements. Through professional and ethical standards such as independency and integrity, Alfredson, K. et al. (2005) states that auditors carry out detailed works to value a subject matter whether it is of true and fair view. Once a conclusion is made, the opinion obtained would determine the level of confidence the public would have towards the financial statements (Alfredson, K. et al., 2005). This adds on to reducing the risk factor faced by users of the financial statements (Martinov, 2004) as it deters directors of an entity to carry out fraudulent activities. At the same time, it also indirectly strengthens the audit profession as the public would have an increased confidence level leading to a better impression towards auditors in general (Simnett, 2007; Dellaportas, Senarath Yapa and Sivanantham, 2008). As procedures of performing a statutory audit is consistent and of principles-based, it becomes less rigid and flexible to be implemented on the audit works carried out on financial statements. Aside from that, as agreed by Noreen, 1988; Siegel et al., 1995; Wotruba et al. (2001); it may be able to reduce time factor as auditors are able to plan and analyze which area are crucial to be tested more and vice versa because they are already well-versed with the audit procedures set by the standards. Nevertheless, this may pose as a threat because the use of their own judgement becomes too subjective and thus, they may tend to be too lenient during audit procedures and bypass on important matters. Auditors could even intentionally choose not to perform so much detailed work and just state financial statements as true and fair since knowingly for the past history, it has been stated as so (Jones et al., 2003; Herron and Gilbertson, 2004). From this matter, it can be of advantage to directors to conduct fraudulent activities because auditors can only consider an opinion on fraud but not able to detect and prevent it. It is the duty of the management and directors to attend to fraudulent possibilities in a company. With that said, they may opt to not comply intentionally by refusing to disclose grey areas in its financial statements or relevant information needed to perform the audit (Cosserat and Rodda, 2009). While stating to be able to achieve high quality audits worldwide, a handful of countries still implement their own auditing standards to suit their national legislations and traditions (Samuels and Piper, 1985; Tarca, 1998; cited in Dellaportas, Senarath Yapa and Sivanantham, 2008). This is probably due to the fact that there are still many underdeveloped countries which do not have professional bodies for such a purpose as this or even countries like in the United States of America whereby they adopt a different standard which is of rule-based (Simnett, 2007). All this may inversely cause a delay and obstruction to harmonization of standards across the globe in conjunction to international convergence (Weetman, 2006). Aside from that, consistent updating and revision of standards poses a need to keep oneself updated leading to a lack of confidence while performing duties due to inaccurate execution of standards implied on audit work as there are limitations to how much one can do at a period of time . Being too technical with regulations may cause auditors to be stiff in their performance and thus, lack appreciation on findings of samples, test objects and the assessment of analytical procedures. Objectives and Activities of IAASB and AASB Work done by the IAASB is monitored by the oversight body known as the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB) whereby the publics interest is involved regarding proper disclosures and transparency of issues that concerns to improving the overall mission and to achieve objectives of the professional body (Dellaportas, Senarath Yapa and Sivanantham, 2008). IAASB came up with a development of a program in the year 2004, which functions to redraft the entire ISAs either partially to alter areas in the ISAs or to fully inflict new clarity conventions where applicable. The Clarity Project reached a level of completion upon verification by the PIOB and now contributes thirty-six newly clarified standards as guidelines in assurance engagement by qualified auditors worldwide (Accountants Today, June 2009). Judging from the fact that the standards now clearly identifies the objectives and obligations an auditor faces, a better understanding of the entire concept and public awareness are gained (Buchanan, F.R., 2003). The newly improved standards are by-far less technical and thus, easily to be adopted by practitioners to be implemented on procedures carried out for assurance engagement. The whole purpose of conducting the clarity project is to make the standards more appropriate and updated with the recent environment and at the same time to assist and update users of relevant information and a clearer view of utilizing each standard for the benefit of the public (Dellaportas, Senarath Yapa and Sivanantham, 2008). The confidence of the public in financial reporting activities would eventually be increased (Alfredson, K., Leo, K., Picker, R., Pacter, P. and Radford, J., 2005). It is in a way a good thing to constantly upgrade and redraft the standards to suit the current reporting environment (Humphrey, C. and Turley, S., 2006). However, there may be a slight disadvantage in the sense of making the revised standards known to its users. The professional bodies would need to conduct seminars or post notices to all members of the professional bodies to inform them of such amendments that has taken place. This eventually takes time and efforts and may even incur a slight cost to be carried out. Likewise the IAASB, the AASB plays a similar role in upholding an acceptable level of quality professional services and high ethical behaviour amongst practitioners. The MIA further justified the desire of standing-out in the standard-setting process hoping that Malaysian market can be integrated internationally so that viewpoints can be mentioned earlier instead of getting secondhand attention in order to evolve standards that are more suitable to the nature of the Malaysian market (Izma N., 2009). Implementing the ISAs by the AASB is a form of making efforts to enhance the financial markets of Malaysia in becoming more competitive and stable. At the same time, it also improves professional integrity and quality of audit works by auditors. Under the patronage of the MIA, AASB will continue to meet stringent expectations of stakeholders as well as moving towards a holistic international convergence of standards and enhance confidence of users through proper guidance in audit and assurance services. This may prove to be a good step ahead in conjunction to be inline with the harmonization of standards in the world today and also to groom the financial position of the country in order to boost confidence of the public once again (Chan and Leung, 2006). Thus, compliance with auditing standards such as the ISAs and enforcing it into objectives and responsibilities stated by the professional bodies need to be acted out quickly so as to not fall behind in time because it can be quite a lengthy process which is not achievable overnight (Izma N., 2009). Further Regulations Codes of Corporate Governance Corporate governance is the system whereby companies are directed and controlled. Cosserat and Rodda, 2009 mentioned that it is useful in avoiding matters such as conflicts of interest seen in the agency theory between the managers (agents) and the shareholders (principal). In accordance to the UK Combined Codes of best practices, the board of an entity is encouraged to form an audit committee to guard the independence and objectivity of auditors. An audit committee plays a role as an independent point of reference to turn to regarding issues of conflict between the board of directors and the external auditors. Aside from that, in order to improve external audit procedures, they have a duty to monitor the integrity of directors in preparing financial statements. Codes of Ethics The onus is always on the auditor not only to be ethical but also to be seen as ethical. The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) establishes a conceptual framework for all practitioners to adhere to five rules: integrity, objectivity, professional competence and due care, confidentiality and professional behaviour. Threats to these principles are to be identified and applied with respective safeguards to mitigate it. Auditors are subjected to ethical requirements by professional bodies because the public relies on auditors to produce an independent opinion during assurance engagements (Pflugrath G., Martinov-Bennie N. and Chen L., 2007). They further elaborated that a high quality audit, comprising of professional competence and due care characteristics need to be conducted as auditors have access to confidential information of the entity. Company Law An auditor is required to perform an annual audit abiding by statutory duties to report to shareholders on whether financial statements are of a true and fair view and in accordance to approved standards. They need to be independent and diligent and state if sufficient information has been obtained and that the company has kept proper records according to the law. The auditor must also list out deficiencies of their findings in the auditors report. The company law also determines the rights, appointment, removal and resignation of auditors and the liability of auditors to shareholders and third parties (Cosserat and Rodda, 2009). Conclusion The outcome of these findings discussed has added knowledge to a better understanding of the entire audit and assurance cycle. The duties of an external auditor must be based on appropriate conceptual frameworks developed either internationally or nationally according to the suitability of respective countries. They need to perform a statutory engagement required by the company law, which is of high but not absolute assurance that the financial statements are free from material misstatements. An overview of the establishment of auditing standards, its objectives and importance to benchmark the quality of auditors in performing duties and corporate governance, company law and ethical codes as additional regulations in enhancing the role of auditors were identified. Furthermore, the main idea of distinguishing IAASB and AASB on its functions and activities in the world today has added knowledge to the depths of ones mind. Thus, the respective standards-setting boards need to further en hance and strengthen its actions and procedures in order to achieve international convergence and quality standards to serve the public better and increase in its objectivity effectiveness.

Course Project †Privacy, Security & Confidentiality Training Essay

As we are all aware the Medical Records department has changed by leaps and bounds over the past 20 years with The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act/The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (ARRA/HITECH) Act 2009 the face of HIT is forever changed. Told we as Health Information Professionals have a plethora of individual patients’ private information at our fingertip and it is paramount that we handle this information with the utmost care. During this training session we are going to go over some of the most important privacy and security components to insure that everyone knows what the rules are, and how to protect the not only the patients information, but also the HIT department and you as the HIT professional. Today we will cover the high points on: * Privacy, Security, and Confidentiality * Regulations that have impacted privacy and security * The Privacy Rule The Security Rule * HITECH Privacy and Security * HIM Role in Privacy, Security, and Confidentiality Privacy, Security, and Confidentiality It is our jobs as health information management (HIM) professionals to ensure the privacy, security and confidentiality of our patients’ personal health information. This has been the fundamental principle for the health information profession throughout its eighty year history. Today the HIM professional must continue to face the challenges of maintaining the privacy and security of the patient information. Although this might sound like a simple task, it grows in complexity as information becomes more and more technical and is distributed through electronic systems. The challenge of this responsibility has also increased due to the constantly changing legislative and regulatory environment. Regulations that have impacted privacy and security  The two regulatory acts that have impacted the health information department the most are: * The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) * The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) * Modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security, and Enforcement Rules the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act; Proposed Rule According to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) â€Å"the major goal of the HIPAA privacy rule is to assure that individuals’ health information is properly protected while allowing the flow of health information needed to provide and promote high quality health care and to protect the public’s health and well-being. The Rule strikes a balance that permits important uses of information, while protecting the privacy of people who seek care and healing. Given that the health care marketplace is diverse, the Rule is designed to be flexible and comprehensive to cover the variety of uses and disclosures that need to be addressed. † (Summary, 2003) Where HIPAA was written in an attempt to protect the patients’ medical records by imposing regulation to address the patient confidentiality the HITECH Act added the necessary requirements concerning the privacy and security for the health information that is so frequently being passed through technology in more diverse ways through third party administrators, businesses and individuals. With the rapidly growing use of technology it became necessary to write rules that would also address the information being sent to all business associates as well. The Privacy Rule The privacy rule set the floor in the necessary safeguards to be implemented in protected health information (PHI) across all media. It protects individuals’ medical records and other individually identifiable health information created or received by individuals or others. It protects the individuals’ health information by regulating the circumstances under which covered entities may use and disclose protected health information and by requiring that everyone have safeguards in place to protect the privacy of the information. In addition it states that covered entities are required to have contracts or other arrangements in place with business associates that perform functions for or provide services to the covered entity, and that required access to protected health information to ensure that these business associates likewise protect the privacy of the health information. Lastly it gives individuals rights with respect to their protected health information, including rights to examine and obtain a copy of their health records and to request corrections. The Security Rule The security rule applies only to protected health information in electronic form. It requires covered entities to implement certain administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to protect this electronic information. And also that covered entities have contracts in place with their business associates that the business associates will appropriately safeguard the electronic protected health information they receive, create, maintain, or transmit on behalf of the covered entities. HITECH Privacy and Security The purpose of the HITECH act was to strengthen the privacy and security protections through * Extending privacy and security protections to business associates of covered entities * Establishing new limitations on the use and disclosure of protected health information for marketing and fundraising purposes * Prohibiting the sale of protected health information Requiring the consideration of a limited data set as the minimum necessary amount of information * Expanding individual’s rights to access of their protected health information * Expanding individual’s rights to receive an accounting of disclosures of their protected health information * Expanding individual’s rights to obtain restrictions on certain disclosures of protected health information to health plans HIM Role in Privacy, Security and Confidentiality As the demands for health information become more diverse, health information management (HIM) professionals use their expertise to protect health information and ensure the right information is available to the right people at the right time. Successful privacy, security, and confidentiality programs depend on HIM professionals, the experts on the applicable rules and regulations who are skilled in managing healthcare data. For example, HIM professionals ensure privacy and security programs meet regulatory requirements. Once a program is in place, HIM professionals use their expertise to monitor and audit the program to ensure compliance. HIM professionals hold diverse roles such as organizational and corporate privacy officers, compliance officers, and are change agents in policy development. Sample job descriptions include: Privacy Officer and Security Officer. HIM professionals advocate for strong privacy and security programs as electronic health record (EHR) systems are implemented and upgraded. HIM professionals provide the functional requirements for electronic health information, taking into account federal and state laws, including e-discovery, to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure of health information. HIM professionals also impact privacy, security, and confidentiality standards, laws, and regulations outside of their organization. Volunteering on state HIT and HIE initiatives, responding to public comments periods, and looking for ways to participate on standards development groups such as HL7 and HIEs are a few ways HIM professionals may influence and affect change. Organizations count on HIM professionals’ skill sets. The convergence of people, processes, regulations, structure, standards and system design is vital to the organization. Sound privacy, security, and confidentiality practices lead to more effective management of health information, contributing to safe, high-quality patient care. (AHIMA, 2011) Conclusion: We as health information professionals are given the task of protecting thousands of individuals’ private health information every year. We have taken an oath to protect this information and to show the patient respect and reverence when relaying any amount of information to other individuals, be it an inside entity or a business associate. It is up to each of us to do our duty and insure that we follow the guidelines to the letter. We must be vigilant in our daily tasks as well as seeing that we are constantly learning new things to help us do our job better. The Code of Ethics each HIM professional must adhere to states that â€Å"The HIM professional has an obligation to demonstrate actions that reflect values, ethical principles, and ethical guidelines. The American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) Code of Ethics sets forth these values and principles to guide conduct. The code is relevant to all regardless of their professional functions, the settings in which they work, or the populations they serve. These purposes strengthen the HIM professional’s efforts to improve overall quality of healthcare. † (American Health Information Management Association Code of Ethics, 2011)

Creative ownership, rights, personal ethics Essay

Creative ownership pertains to the right of an individual to possess his creative works such as discoveries, know-how, art works and writings In such, creative works are subjected to intellectual property rights wherein the creators or the owners are granted the rights to reproduce, modify or make an adaptation of his work, display or perform publicly and distribute either by sale or donation. As the right owner, full credit will be given to him for his work allowing the general public to access his work. However, to maintain the balance, time limits are set on the creator’s control over a particular work. Levels of human intellectual activity, innovativeness and effort to produce creative works vary amongst individual and define the quality and depth of the creative works. It is but ethical to commend and attribute the creator of his personal portrayal and output. It will encourage the creators and authors to do more of the creative works and further develop their crafts. Although the copyright owner can sell the rights, he has the moral right to be cited as the original author, the right to object to distortion or defacement and the right to object to be named as the author of mutilated copy. Although the U. S. Intellectual Property Law keep on modifying especially to the number of years the creator have a full control of his creative work and the cost of the patent or right, it generally aims to protect the right of the creator and writer from piracy and false claims. Consequently, the benefits and the rights to own and sell the creative works awarded to him will be on his control and discretion. At that, proper acknowledgement and credit will be given to him coupled with the creator’s prestige and satisfaction which will contribute to his fulfillment. REFERENCES: http://web. mit. edu/tlo/www/community/guide1. html. Guide to the Ownership, Distribution and Commercial Development of M. I. T. Technology. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Five Cambridge Center, Kendall Square Madhavan, Mahesh. Intellectual Property Rights (Primer). JISC Legal. 2006 www. law. duke. edu/journals/dltr/articles/2005dltr0012. html

The Safety And Health Of The Public - 2047 Words

The paramount idea I am proposing is this; the safety and health of the public will are put at risk if the same kinds of people keep political power in the future. What I want to covey is people with no engineering background or similar trade don’t have or chose not to act in the best interest of the public when their careers are on the line. On top of that the world is changing at a blinding pace: the challenges of global warming, population growth, and rapidly advancing technology, are problems the general public needs help to handle, without the help of engineers in positions of power. The threats to humanity will overwhelm the political structure we currently have, unless engineers are at the helm to meet them. There are several human made disasters we have covered in the class talking about what happens when people with little to no engineering experiences made engineering decisions. 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